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13 In-Class Assignment: Projections

Graph showing how one vector can be projected onto another vector by forming a right triangle

Image from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_projection

2. Understanding Projections With Code

In this in-class assignment, we are going to avoid some of the more advanced libraries ((i.e. no numpy or scipy or sympy) to try to get a better understanding about what is going on in the math. The following code implements some common linear algebra functions:

#Standard Python Libraries only
import math
import copy

def dot(u,v):
    '''Calculate the dot product between vectors u and v'''
    temp = 0;
    for i in range(len(u)):
        temp += u[i]*v[i]
    return temp

def multiply(m1,m2):
    '''Calculate the matrix multiplication between m1 and m2 represented as list-of-list.'''
    n = len(m1)
    d = len(m2)
    m = len(m2[0])
    
    if len(m1[0]) != d:
        print("ERROR - inner dimentions not equal")
    result = [[0 for i in range(n)] for j in range(m)]
    for i in range(0,n):
        for j in range(0,m):
            for k in range(0,d):
                result[i][j] = result[i][j] + m1[i][k] * m2[k][j]
    return result

def add_vectors(v1,v2):
    v3 = []
    for i in range(len(v1)):
        v3.append(v1[i]+v2[i])
    return v3

def sub_vectors(v1,v2):
    v3 = []
    for i in range(len(v1)):
        v3.append(v1[i]-v2[i])
    return v3

def norm(u):
    '''Calculate the norm of vector u'''
    nm = 0
    for i in range(len(u)):
        nm += u[i]*u[i]
    return math.sqrt(nm)

def transpose(A):
    '''Calculate the transpose of matrix A represented as list of lists'''
    n = len(A)
    m = len(A[0])
    AT = list()
    for j in range(0,m):    
        temp = list()
        for i in range(0,n):
            temp.append(A[i][j])
        AT.append(temp)
    return AT

Projection function

✅ DO THIS: Write a function that projects vector \(v\) onto vector \(u\). Do not use the numpy library. Instead use the functions provided above:

\[\mbox{proj}_u v = \frac{v \cdot u}{u \cdot u} u\]

Make sure this function will work for any size of \(v\) and \(u\).

def proj(v,u):
    ## Put your code here
    return pv

Let’s test your function. Below are two example vectors. Make sure you get the correct answers. You may want to test this code with more than one set of vectors.

u = [1,2,0,3]
v = [4,0,5,8]
print(proj(u,v))

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-9-9f6f2aeb781f> in <module>
      1 u = [1,2,0,3]
      2 v = [4,0,5,8]
----> 3 print(proj(u,v))

<ipython-input-8-c4def96db3f0> in proj(v, u)
      1 def proj(v,u):
      2     ## Put your code here
----> 3     return pv

NameError: name 'pv' is not defined

from answercheck import checkanswer

checkanswer.vector(proj(u,v),'53216508af49c616fa0f4e9676ce3b9d');

Visualizing projections

✅ **DO THIS:**See if you can design and implement a small function that takes two vectors (\(a\) and \(b\)) as inputs and generates a figure similar to the one above.

I.e. a black line from the origin to “\(b\)”, a black line from origin to “\(a\)”; a green line showing the “\(a\)” component in the “\(b\)” direction and a red line showing the “\(a\)” component orthogonal to the green line. Also see section titled “Projection of One Vector onto Another Vector” in Section 4.6 on page 258 of the book.

When complete, show your solution to the instructor.

%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pylab as plt

b = [3,2]
a = [2,3]

def show_projection(a,b):
    plt.plot([0,a[0]], [0,a[1]], color='black')
    plt.annotate('b', b, 
            xytext=(0.9, 0.7), textcoords='axes fraction',
            arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
            horizontalalignment='right', verticalalignment='top')
    plt.annotate('a', a, 
            xytext=(0.7, 0.95), textcoords='axes fraction',
            arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
            horizontalalignment='right', verticalalignment='top')
    plt.plot([0,b[0]], [0,b[1]], color='black')
    
#Finish your code here

    plt.axis('equal')
    
x = show_projection(a,b) ;

3. Gram-Schmidt Orthoganalization Process

✅ DO THIS: Implement the Gram-Schmidt orthoganalization process from the Hefron textbook (page 282). This function takes a \(m \times n\) Matrix \(A\) with linearly independent columns as input and return a \(m \times n\) Matrix \(G\) with orthogonal column vectors. The basic algorithm works as follows:

  • AT = transpose(A) (this process works with the columns of the matrix so it is easier to work with the transpose. Think about a list of list, it is easy to get a row (a list)).

  • Make a new empty list of the same size as AT and call it GT (G transpose)

  • Loop index i over all of the rows in AT (i.e. columns of A)

    • GT[i] = AT[i]

    • Loop index j from 0 to i

      • GT[i] -= proj(GT[i], GT[j])

  • G = transpose(GT)

Use the following function definition as a template:

def GramSchmidt(A):
    return G

Here, we are going to test your function using the vectors:

A4 = [[1,4,8],[2,0,1],[0,5,5],[3,8,6]]
print(transpose(A4))
G4 = GramSchmidt(A4)
print(transpose(G4))

from answercheck import checkanswer

checkanswer.matrix(G4,'a472a81eef411c0df03ae9a072dfa040');

A2 = [[-4,-6],[3,5]]
print(transpose(A2))
G2 = GramSchmidt(A2)
print(transpose(G2))

from answercheck import checkanswer

checkanswer.matrix(G2,'23b9860b72dbe5b84d7c598c08af9688');

✅ QUESTION: What is the Big-O complexity of the Gram-Schmidt process?

Put your answer here

Written by Dr. Dirk Colbry, Michigan State University Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

13 Pre-Class Assignment: Projections 14 Pre-Class Assignment: Fundamental Spaces